THE ARCHITECTURAL PATRONAGE AND POLITICAL PROWESS OF HEROD THE GREAT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v3i2.186Keywords:
Agrippa, Augustus, ancient, architecture, Caesarea, Herod, Israel,Abstract
After supporting Marc Antony in the Battle of Actium (31 B.C.), King Herod, fearful of losing his power, went to Rome, apologized to Augustus and assured him that he was his biggest supporter. Augustus, giving Herod an opportunity to redeem himself, allowed him to return to Judea as King of the Jews. In an effort for Herod to express his continued commitment to Rome, he reconfigured his building styles by making cities that would depict Rome in the Levant. Herod created architecture that implemented Roman technology, designs, and styles, while co-mingling them with his existing Hellenistic style of architecture that made him forever remembered as Herod the Great.Downloads
References
BEEBE 1983
Beebe, H. K., Caesarea Maritima Maritima: Its Strategic and Political Significance to Rome, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 42, 195-207.
BIKERMAN 1938
Bikerman, E., Institutions des Seléucides (Paris: Geuthner).
BOURDIEU 1977
Bourdieu, P., Outline of a Theory in Practice (New York:Cambridge University Press).
CASSON 1971
Casson, L., Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World (Princeton: Princeton University).
COLLINGWOOD 1939
Collingwood, R. G., An Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
CROWFOOT/KENYON/SUKENIK 1942
Crowfoot, J.W./Kenyon, K.M./Sukenik, E.L., The Buildings at Samaria (London: Palestine Exploration Fund).
CURRAN 2014
Curran, J., Philorhomaioi: The Herods between Rome and Jerusalem, Journal for the Study of Judaism 45, 493-522.
DYSON/FUNARI/GRILLO 2012, 320-5
Dyson, S./Funari, P.P.A./Grillo, J.G.C., Classical Archaeology in vol. 1. Silberman, N.A./Bauer, A.A./Holtorf, C/Diaz-Andreu, M./Waterton, E. (eds.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press).
FINEGAN 1992
Finegan, J., The Archeology of the New Testament: the Life of Jesus and the Beginning of the Early Church (Princeton:Princeton University Press).
GIDDENS 1984
Giddens, A., The Constitution of Society: Outline of Theory of Structuration (Berkeley: University of California Press).
HAMBURGER 1959
Hamburger, H., A New Inscription from the Caesarea Maritima Aqueduct, Israel Exploration Journal 9, 188-90.
HODDER/HUDSON 2003
Hodder, I./Hutson, S., Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology (New York: Cambridge University Press).
HOHLFELDER 2000
Ant 10.5.1.1@191-2. Hohlfelder, R. L., Beyond Coincidence? Marcus Agrippa and King Herod’s Harbor, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59, 241-53.
HOHLFELDER 1988
Hohlfelder, R. L., The 1984 Explorations of the Ancient Harbors of Caesarea Maritima Maritima, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 25, 1-12.
HOHLFEDER/OLESON/RABAN/VANN 1983
Hohlfelder, R. L./Oleson, J. P./Raban, A./Vann, R. L.,Sebastos: Herod’s Harbor at Caesarea Maritima Maritima, Biblical Archaeologist 46, 133-43.
HOLUM 2004
Holum, K. G., Caesarea Maritima’s Temple Hill: The Archaeology of Sacred Space in an Ancient Mediterranean City, Near Eastern Archaeology 67, 184-99.
HOLUM 1999
Holum, K. G., The Temple Platform: Progress Report on the Excavations in Caesarea Papers, Holum, K. G./Raban, A./ Patrich, J. (eds.) Journal of Roman Archaeology 2, 12-34.
JEFFERS 1999
Jeffers, J. S., The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era: Exploring the Background of Early Christianity (New York: InterVarsity Press).
KLEINER 2014
Kleiner, D.E.E., Roman Architecture: A Visual Guide (New Haven, London: Yale University Press).
LEVINE 1975
Levine, L.I., Caesarea Maritima Under Roman Rule (Leiden: Brill).
KOKKINOS 1998
Kokkinos, N., The Herodian Dynasty (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).
MACDONALD 1986
MacDonald, W. L., The Architecture of the Roman Empire: An Urban Appraisal (New Haven: Yale University Press).
MACMULLEN 1981
MacMullen, R., Paganism in the Roman Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press).
MAGNESS 2012
Magness, J., The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon’s Temple to the Muslim Conquest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
MAGNESS 2001
Magness, J., The Cults of Isis and Kore at Samaria-Sebaste in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, The Harvard Theological Review 94, 157-77.
MARSHAK 2015
Marshak, A. K., The Many Faces of Herod The Great (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans).
MCCANE 2008
McCane, B. R., Simply Irresistible: Augustus, Herod and the Empire, Journal of Biblical Literature 127, 725-35.
MILNE 1913
Milne, J. G., A History of Egypt Under Roman Rule (London: Methuen & Co).
MUELLER 2008
Mueller, T., The Holy Land’s Visionary Builder, National Geographic 214, 34-59.
NEGEV 1976
Negev, A., Samaria later Sebaste Jordan/Israel, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3
Aentry%3Dsamaria. Accessed 16 May 2016.
NELSON 2015
Nelson, M. C., The Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit (Leiden:Brill).
NETZER 2009
Netzer, E., The Architecture of Herod the Great Builder (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic).
OLAMI/PELEG 1977
Olami, Y./Peleg, Y., The Water Supply System of Caesarea Maritima Maritima, Israel Exploration Journal 27, 127-137.
PELEG-BARKAT 2014
Peleg-Barkat, O., Fit for a King: Architectural Décor in Judaea and Herod as Trendsetter, American Schools of Oriental Research 371, 141-61.
PEROWNE 2015
Perowne, S. H., Herod: King of Judea. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/biography/ Herod-king-of-Judaea. Accessed 16 May 2016.
RABAN/HOLUM/PATRICH 1999
Raban, A./Holum, K.G./Patrich, J., The Underwater Excavations 1993-1994, Journal of Roman Archaeology 2, 158-168.
REGEV 2012
Regev, E., Inside Herod’s Courts: Social Relations and Royal Ideology in the Herodian Palaces, Journal for the Study of Judaism 43, 180-214.
REIFENBERG 1951
Reifenberg, A., Caesarea Maritima: A Study in the Decline of a Town, Israel Exploration Journal 1, 20-32.
REISNER/FISHER/LYON 1924
Resner, G. A./Fisher, C. S./Lyon, D. G., Harvard Excvations at Samaria, 1908-1910 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
RICHARDSON 2004
Richardson, P., Building Jewish in the Roman East (Waco: Baylor University Press).
RICHARDSON 1996
Richardson, P., Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press).
ROCCO 2008
Rocca, S., Herod’s Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classic World (Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers).
SCHURER 1886
Schürer, E.,Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs).
SMITH 1987
Smith, R. R., The Emperors Reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias, The Journal of Roman Studies 77, 88-138.
STAMPER 2005
Stamper, J. W., The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
STRONG 1960
Strong, D.E., Some Early Examples of the Composite Capital, Journal of Roman Studies 50, 119-28.
TAKACS 1995
Takacs, S. A., Isis and Sarapis in the Roman World (Leiden: Brill).
TOHER 2001
Toher, M., Nicolaus and Herod in the Antiquitates Judaicae, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 101, 427-47.
WALLACE-HADRILL 2005
Wallace-Hadrill, A., Mutatas Formas: The Augustan Transformation of Roman Knowledge. Galinsky, K. (ed.) in the Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (New York:Cambridge University Press).
VILNAY 1928
Vilnay, Z., A New Inscription from the Neighbourhood of Caesarea Maritima, Quarter Stat. Palestine Explorer Fund 60, 45-47.
WEISS 2014
Weiss, Z., Buildings for Mass Entertainment: Tradition and Innovation in Herodian Construction, Near Eastern Archaeology 2, 98-107.
YEGUL 2012, 37-9
Yegul, F. K., Roman Decorative Arts: Roman Architecturein in vol. 3. Silberman, N.A./Bauer, A.A./Holtorf, C/Diaz- Andreu, M./Waterton, E. (eds.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press).
ZANKER 2007
Zanker, P., The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal, we use CC BY-NC-ND license (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs) wich only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).