TRACES OF THE GOD DIONYSUS IN THE SOUTH NECROPOLIS OF TRALLEIS: A TERRACOTTA MASK
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14795/jaha.12.4.2025.1432Keywords:
Mask, Tralleis, Ancient Theater, Terracotta Figurine, DionysusAbstract
The Southern Necropolis of Tralleis is an important city of antiquity and lies beneath the modern city center of Aydın. Numerous salvage excavations have been conducted by the Aydın Archaeology Museum in response to construction activities and illegal excavations that have uncovered graves throughout the urban area. This study focuses on a terracotta mask recovered during a rescue excavation at Grave No. 1 in Parcel 28, Block 419, within the boundaries of the Tralleis Ancient City’s Third-Degree Archaeological Site, located in the Köprülü Neighborhood of the Efeler District. The artifact, produced using a mold, was analyzed typologically and dated to the late first century AD through comparison with similar examples.
Downloads
References
ANEZIRI 2009
Aneziri S., World Travellers: The Associations of Artists of Dionysos, in R. Hunter/I. Rutherford (eds.), Wandering Poets in Ancient Greek Culture: Travel, Locality and Pan-Hellenism (Cambridge), 217– 236.
AKKAN/COŞKUN/AKKAN/DEDE 2017
Akkan, Y./Coşkun, F./Akkan, A./Dede, E., Aydın İli Efeler İlçesi, Köprülü Mahallesi, 419 Ada, 28 Parsel Kurtarma Kazısı Çalışmaları, 26. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu (Ankara), 379– 396.
ALP 1965
Alp S., Anadolu’da Bulunan M.Ö. İkinci Bin Yılına Ait Altından Bir Yüz Maskesi, Belleten 29, 15– 18.
ATEŞ/ÖREN 2023
Ateş, A./Ören, H., Eski Mısır Mumyalama Geleneğinde Kanopik Kaplar, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi 10 /6, 2582– 2602.
BIEBER 1961
Bieber, M., The History of the Greek and Roman Theater (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
BURFORD 1972
Burford, A., Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society (London: Thames and Hudson).
BURN/HIGGINS 2001
Burn, L./Higgins, R. A., Catalogue of Greek Terracottas in the British Museum Vol. III (London: Trustees of the British Museum).
BURR 1934
Burr, D., Terra-Cottas from Myrina in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens Nachfolger).
BÜYÜKKARAKAYA/CAVALLİ/ÇAKAN/CANOL/FALAY/ORMANCI 2024
Büyükkarakaya, A. M./Cavalli, F./Çakan, Y. G./Canol, H. S./Falay, B./Ormancı, Ö., Multi-dimensional analyses of the plastered skulls from Neolithic Tepecik-Çiftlik, Central Anatolia (Türkiye), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 53, 1– 23.
BREA/COEN/DESCOEUDRES 1992/1993
Brea, L. B./Coen, C./Descoeudres, J. P., Masks and Characters of the Greek Theatre in the Terracottas of Ancient Lipara, Mediterranean Archaeology 5–6, 23-31.
CAMPBELL 2000
Campbell, C. L., The Costuming of Tragedy in Classical Antiquity (Athens).
COŞKUN 2022
Coşkun, S., Tralleis Güney Nekropolü Oda Mezarları ve Buluntuları (Unpublished PhD thesis, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Erzurum).
ÇEKILMEZ 2014
Çekilmez, M., Tralleis Güney Nekropolü Terrakotta Figürinleri (Unpublished PhD thesis, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Aydın).
ÇEKILMEZ 2015
Çekilmez, M., 2008 Yılı Tralleis Kazısı Koroplastik Buluntuları, Cedrus 3, 51– 66.
CHANDLER 1825
Chandler, R., Travels in Asia Minor and Greece (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
CHULEV 2014
Chulev, B., The Golden Funeral Masks of Angel from the City of Light-Ohrid, (Republic of Macedonia).
ÇOKAY KEPÇE/ÖZDEN GERÇEKLER 2011
Çokay Kepçe, S./Özden Gerçekler, S., Kilden Suretler. Sadberk Hanım Müzesi Koleksiyonundan Antik Çağ
Terrakotta Figürinleri (İstanbul: Sadberk Hanım Müzesi).
DESPINI/SCHÜRMANN/GISLER 2009
Despini, A./Schürmann, W./Gisler, J. R., Gold Funerary Masks, Antike Kunst 52, 20– 65.
DURMUŞ 2016
Durmuş, Ç., Batı Anadolu’daki Tiyatro Maskları (Unpublished MA thesis, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Arkeoloji Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji AnaBilim Dalı, Denizli).
HERSHMAN 2014
Hershman, D., Face to Face: The Oldest Masks in the World (Jerusalem: Israel Museum Publications).
HIGGINS 1997
Higgins, R., Minoan and Mycenaean Art (London: Thames and Hudson).
HORST-BLUME 1999
Horst-Blume, D., Maske, in Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike 7, 974 –979.
INDIRKAŞ 2012
İndirkaş, Z., Dionysos Tanrının Maskesi ya da Maskenin Tanrısı, Tiyatro Eleştirmenliği ve Dramaturji
Bölümü Dergisi 5, 61–70.
KAPTAN 2001
Kaptan, Ö., Pişmiş Toprak Maskeler, in I. Uluslararası Eskişehir Pişmiş Toprak Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı (Eskişehir: Tepebaşı Belediyesi), 56–61.
KLEINER 1992
Kleiner, D. E. E., Roman Sculpture (New Haven–London: Yale University Press).
LIDDELL/SCOTT 1940
Liddell, H. G./Scott, R. A., Greek–English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
LEWIS/SHORT 1879
Lewis, C. T./Short, C., A Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
MAGIE 2015
Magie, D., Anadolu’da Romalılar: Batı Anadolu’nun İç Taraflarındaki Uyruk Topluluklar (İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları).
MARINATOS/HIRMER 1973
Marinatos, S./Hirmer, M., Kreta, Thera und das Mykenische Hellas (München: Hirmer Verlag).
MARQUET/LORBLANCHET/OBERLIN 2016
Marquet, J. C./Lorblanchet, M./Oberlin, C., New dating of the ‘mask’ of La Roche-Cotard (Langeais, Indre-et-Loire, France), Paleo. Revue d’archéologie préhistorique 27, 253–263.
MORETTI 1993
Moretti, J. C., Des masques et des théâtres en Grèce et en Asie Mineure, Revue des Études Anciennes 95, 207–223.
MUNSELL COLOR COMPANY 1975
Munsell Soil Color Charts (Baltimore: Munsell Color Company).
ODIHSELI 2019
Odihseli M., The Cult of Dionysus in Ancient Georgia. In: Braund, D./Hall, E./Wyles, R. (eds.), Ancient Theatre and Performance Culture around the Black Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 373–399
OTTO 1965
Otto, W. F., Dionysus: Myth and Cult (trans. R. B. Palmer) (Bloomington–London: Indiana University Press).
ÖZBAY 2019
Özbay, A., Groteskler ve Mask. In: Coşkun, G. (ed.), Afyonkarahisar Müzesi Terrakotta Figürinleri (Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları), 83–88
ÖZBEK 2009
Özbek, M., Köşk Höyük (Niğde) Neolitik Köyünde Kil Sıvalı İnsan Başları, Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26/1, 145–163.
ÖZER/ TÜRKAN/ERDINÇ 2022
Özer, E./Türkan, A./Erdinç, Z., Aizanoi Kuzey Nekropolis’ten Bir Terrakotta Mask, OLBA 30, 83–112.
PAUSANIAS
Pausanias, Description of Greece (trans. W. H. Jones) (London–New York: Loeb Classical Library, 1969).
RAMSAY 1960
Ramsay, W. M., Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası (İstanbul: MEB).
RAYET/THOMAS 1877
Rayet, O./Thomas, A., Milet et le Golfe Latmique. Tralles, Magnésie du Méandre, Priène, Milet, Didymes, Héraclée du Latmos (Paris: Alain Baudry et Cie, 1877).
RIETH 1973
Rieth A., Antike Goldmasken, Antike Welt 4/1, 28–34.
SCHWARZMAIER 2010
Schwarzmaier A., Theater Masks, in Hart, M. L. (ed.), The Art of Ancient Greek Theater (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum), 33–42.
SALTUK 1993
Saltuk, S., Arkeoloji Sözlüğü (İstanbul: İnkılap Kitapevi).
SMITH/WAYTE/MARINDIN 1890
Smith, W./Wayte, W./Marindin, G. E., A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London: John Murray).
SÖĞÜT/YILMAZ 2012
Söğüt, B./Yılmaz, B., Stratonikeia’dan Üç Terrakotta Mask, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12, 1–7.
SUMERER 1999
Sumerer, L., Hellenistische Terrakotten aus Amisos: ein Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte des Pontosgebietes (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner).
STRABON
Strabon, Geographika XII- XIII- XIV (İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2009).
TEXIER 1862
Texier, C., Asie Mineure: Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique des Provinces et des Villes de la Chersonnése d’Asie (Paris: Firmin-Didot).
TÖPPERWEIN 1972
Töpperwein, E., Terrakotten von Pergamon (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter).
WILES 1991
Wiles, D., The Masks of Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance (Cambridge Univesity Press).
WILES 2007
Wiles, D., Mask and Performance in Greek Tragedy (Cambridge University Press).
XANTHOUDIDES 1904
Xanthoudides, S., Εκ Κρήτης. Β. Οι Τάφοι των Μουλιανών, Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς, 21–56.
XENOPHON
Xenophon, Anabasis (trans. T. Gökçöl) (İstanbul: Hürriyet Yayınları, 1974).
XENOPHON
Xenophon, Hellenica, (trans. C. L. Brownson) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1918).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal, we use CC BY-NC-ND license (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs) wich only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
